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15:["$","p","p-6",{"children":"Retour en arrière. Pourquoi Heroku a dominé pendant plus de 10 ans ?"}]
16:["$","h3","h3-0",{"children":"Le déploiement ridiculement simple"}]
17:["$","ol","ol-0",{"start":2010,"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Déployer une app, c'était un cauchemar. Vous louiez un VPS, vous installiez Linux, vous configuriez Nginx, vous mettiez en place des scripts de déploiement, vous gériez les updates..."}],"\n"]}]
18:["$","p","p-7",{"children":["Heroku arrive et dit : \"Oubliez tout ça. Faites ",["$","code","code-0",{"children":"git push"}],", on s'occupe du reste.\""]}]
19:["$","p","p-8",{"children":"Vous push votre code, Heroku détecte automatiquement votre langage, installe les dépendances, lance l'app. Zéro config. Ça marche. C'est révolutionnaire."}]
1a:["$","p","p-9",{"children":"Pour une startup qui veut livrer vite et se concentrer sur le produit (pas sur l'infra), c'était un game-changer."}]
1b:["$","h3","h3-1",{"children":"L'écosystème d'add-ons"}]
1c:["$","p","p-10",{"children":"Besoin d'une base de données ? Heroku Postgres, un clic. Redis ? Un clic. Monitoring, emails, file storage... Des centaines d'add-ons disponibles."}]
1d:["$","p","p-11",{"children":"Vous assemblez votre stack comme des Legos. Pas besoin de provisionner, configurer, maintenir. Heroku orchestrait tout."}]
1e:["$","h3","h3-2",{"children":"La scalabilité à la demande"}]
1f:["$","p","p-12",{"children":"Votre app décolle ? \"Heroku ps:scale web=10\" et hop, vous passez de 1 à 10 instances. En quelques secondes."}]
20:["$","p","p-13",{"children":"Pas besoin de comprendre les load balancers, les auto-scaling groups, les health checks. Heroku gérait."}]
21:["$","h3","h3-3",{"children":"La developer experience (DX) impeccable"}]
22:["$","p","p-14",{"children":"Logs streamés en temps réel. Rollbacks en une commande. Review apps automatiques pour les PRs. Tout était pensé pour les développeurs."}]
23:["$","p","p-15",{"children":"Heroku a défini le standard de ce qu'est un bon PaaS. Tout ce qui a suivi a copié leur playbook."}]
24:["$","h2","h2-1",{"children":"Ce qui a commencé à coincer"}]
25:["$","p","p-16",{"children":"Mais l'âge d'or s'est fissuré. Progressivement. Plusieurs irritants se sont accumulés."}]
26:["$","h3","h3-4",{"children":"L'escalade tarifaire"}]
27:["$","p","p-17",{"children":"Au début, Heroku était accessible. Puis les tarifs ont grimpé. Significativement."}]
28:["$","p","p-18",{"children":"Le problème n'est pas tant le tarif brut (vous payez pour la simplicité), mais l'escalade rapide. Votre app grandit un peu, votre facture explose. Vous ajoutez quelques add-ons, la note devient salée."}]
29:["$","p","p-19",{"children":"Beaucoup de startups se sont retrouvées avec des factures mensuelles conséquentes pour des apps moyennes. Et en comparant avec des alternatives (Render, AWS direct), l'écart devenait difficile à justifier."}]
2a:["$","h3","h3-5",{"children":"Les performances médiocres"}]
2b:["$","p","p-20",{"children":"Les dynos Heroku (les containers qui font tourner votre app) ne sont pas rapides. Le cold start (temps de démarrage d'un dyno endormi) peut prendre plusieurs secondes. Votre utilisateur attend. Mauvaise expérience."}]
2c:["$","p","p-21",{"children":"Les alternatives modernes (Fly.io notamment) offrent des performances supérieures. Cold start en millisecondes. Latence plus faible. Pour le même investissement (ou moins), vous avez mieux."}]
2d:["$","h3","h3-6",{"children":"L'innovation stagnante"}]
2e:["$","p","p-22",{"children":"Heroku a peu évolué depuis 2015. Les features restent les mêmes. L'interface est datée. Les workflows n'ont pas changé."}]
2f:["$","p","p-23",{"children":"Pendant ce temps, Render, Fly.io, Railway innovent. Ils intègrent Docker nativement. Ils offrent du edge computing. Ils améliorent la DX constamment."}]
30:["$","p","p-24",{"children":"Heroku donne l'impression d'un produit en maintenance, pas en développement actif. Pour une startup, c'est inquiétant. Vous construisez votre infra sur un outil qui stagne."}]
31:["$","h3","h3-7",{"children":"Le rachat par Salesforce (et ses conséquences)"}]
32:["$","p","p-25",{"children":"En 2010, Salesforce rachète Heroku. Au début, ça se passe bien. Puis Salesforce se désintéresse. Heroku devient un produit secondaire dans le portefeuille Salesforce."}]
33:["$","p","p-26",{"children":"Résultat : peu d'investissement, peu d'innovation, support qui se dégrade. La communauté sent que Heroku n'est plus une priorité."}]
34:["$","h3","h3-8",{"children":"La fin des dynos gratuits (le coup de grâce symbolique)"}]
35:["$","p","p-27",{"children":"Novembre 2022. Heroku annonce la suppression de la tier gratuite. Officiellement : réduire les abus (bots, spam, crypto mining)."}]
36:["$","p","p-28",{"children":"Réellement : probablement une décision financière de Salesforce pour \"nettoyer\" les comptes non-rentables."}]
37:["$","p","p-29",{"children":"Impact : des dizaines de milliers de projets étudiants, side projects, MVPs meurent. La communauté est furieuse. Heroku perd sa base de futurs payeurs (les étudiants d'aujourd'hui sont les CTOs de demain)."}]
38:["$","p","p-30",{"children":"C'est le moment où beaucoup se disent \"OK, il est temps de partir\"."}]
39:["$","h2","h2-2",{"children":"Les alternatives qui gagnent du terrain"}]
3a:["$","p","p-31",{"children":"Le départ d'Heroku a créé un vide. Plusieurs acteurs se battent pour le combler."}]
3b:["$","h3","h3-9",{"children":"Render : le successeur spirituel d'Heroku"}]
3c:["$","p","p-32",{"children":[["$","a","a-0",{"href":"https://render.com/","target":"_blank","rel":"noopener","children":"Render"}]," est probablement le plus proche d'Heroku en philosophie. Déploiement simple, add-ons intégrés, developer experience soignée."]}]
3d:["$","p","p-33",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Ce qui séduit"}]," :"]}]
3e:["$","ul","ul-0",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Tarification plus accessible qu'Heroku pour un usage équivalent"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Performances meilleures (cold start plus rapide, latence réduite)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Support de Docker natif (plus flexible qu'Heroku)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Tier gratuite toujours disponible (avec limitations raisonnables)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-4",{"children":"Interface moderne et claire"}],"\n"]}]
3f:["$","p","p-34",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Les limites"}]," :"]}]
40:["$","ul","ul-1",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Écosystème d'add-ons moins riche qu'Heroku"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Moins mature (lancé en 2019, vs 2007 pour Heroku)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Communauté plus petite (moins de tutoriels, moins de support communautaire)"}],"\n"]}]
41:["$","p","p-35",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Pour qui ?"}]," : Startups early-stage qui veulent la simplicité d'Heroku sans l'investissement élevé. Le choix par défaut pour beaucoup d'anciens utilisateurs Heroku."]}]
42:["$","h3","h3-10",{"children":"Fly.io : le PaaS moderne et performant"}]
43:["$","p","p-36",{"children":[["$","a","a-0",{"href":"https://fly.io/","target":"_blank","rel":"noopener","children":"Fly.io"}]," est différent. Plus technique, plus puissant, plus flexible."]}]
44:["$","p","p-37",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Ce qui séduit"}]," :"]}]
45:["$","ul","ul-2",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Performances exceptionnelles (edge computing, déploiement global, latence ultra-faible)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Contrôle fin sur l'infrastructure (vous définissez la topologie, le placement géographique)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Support Docker natif (vous apportez votre propre Dockerfile)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Tarification basée sur l'usage réel (pay-as-you-go)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-4",{"children":"Innovant (nouveautés régulières, équipe responsive)"}],"\n"]}]
46:["$","p","p-38",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Les limites"}]," :"]}]
47:["$","ul","ul-3",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Courbe d'apprentissage plus raide (moins \"magic\" qu'Heroku)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Nécessite de comprendre un peu Docker"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Moins d'add-ons intégrés (vous devez souvent composer vous-même)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Documentation parfois dense pour les débutants"}],"\n"]}]
48:["$","p","p-39",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Pour qui ?"}]," : Équipes tech un peu plus matures qui veulent de la performance et du contrôle. Pas pour un débutant total, mais pas besoin d'être DevOps expert non plus."]}]
49:["$","h3","h3-11",{"children":"Railway : le plus proche de \"git push heroku\""}]
4a:["$","p","p-40",{"children":[["$","a","a-0",{"href":"https://railway.app/","target":"_blank","rel":"noopener","children":"Railway"}]," vise explicitement à être le remplaçant d'Heroku pour la simplicité."]}]
4b:["$","p","p-41",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Ce qui séduit"}]," :"]}]
4c:["$","ul","ul-4",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Déploiement ultra-simple (connectez GitHub, ça déploie automatiquement)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Interface magnifique et intuitive"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Tier gratuite généreuse"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Support de plein de langages et frameworks out-of-the-box"}],"\n",["$","li","li-4",{"children":"Tarification transparente et raisonnable"}],"\n"]}]
4d:["$","p","p-42",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Les limites"}]," :"]}]
4e:["$","ul","ul-5",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Jeune (lancé en 2020), donc moins de track record"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Fonctionnalités avancées parfois limitées"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Communauté encore petite"}],"\n"]}]
4f:["$","p","p-43",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Pour qui ?"}]," : Débutants, side projects, MVPs. Si vous aimeriez la simplicité d'Heroku sans l'investissement, Railway est parfait."]}]
50:["$","h3","h3-12",{"children":"DigitalOcean App Platform : le middle-ground"}]
51:["$","p","p-44",{"children":[["$","a","a-0",{"href":"https://www.digitalocean.com/products/app-platform","target":"_blank","rel":"noopener","children":"DigitalOcean App Platform"}]," (souvent oublié) est un bon compromis."]}]
52:["$","p","p-45",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Ce qui séduit"}]," :"]}]
53:["$","ul","ul-6",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Simplicité d'un PaaS avec la puissance de DigitalOcean derrière"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Tarification claire et compétitive"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Intégration avec l'écosystème DigitalOcean (droplets, managed databases, spaces)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Stabilité et fiabilité (DigitalOcean existe depuis longtemps)"}],"\n"]}]
54:["$","p","p-46",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Les limites"}]," :"]}]
55:["$","ul","ul-7",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Moins sexy que les nouveaux entrants"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Innovation plus lente que Fly.io ou Railway"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Developer experience correcte mais pas exceptionnelle"}],"\n"]}]
56:["$","p","p-47",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Pour qui ?"}]," : Entreprises qui veulent du stable et du classique. Moins adapté aux startups qui veulent l'outil le plus moderne."]}]
57:["$","h2","h2-3",{"children":"Le comparatif honnête : quand utiliser quoi"}]
58:["$","p","p-48",{"children":"Parce qu'il n'y a pas de \"meilleur\" outil. Il y a le bon outil pour votre contexte."}]
59:["$","h3","h3-13",{"children":"Vous devriez rester sur Heroku si..."}]
5a:["$","ul","ul-8",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Vous êtes déjà dessus, ça marche, vous êtes satisfait, et l'investissement ne vous pose pas de problème"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Vous utilisez énormément d'add-ons Heroku qui n'ont pas d'équivalent ailleurs"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Votre équipe connaît Heroku par cœur et migrer coûterait trop cher en temps"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Vous êtes dans une grosse entreprise qui utilise déjà Salesforce partout (synergie potentielle)"}],"\n"]}]
5b:["$","p","p-49",{"children":"Heroku n'est pas mort. Il fonctionne toujours. Mais il y a souvent mieux aujourd'hui."}]
5c:["$","h3","h3-14",{"children":"Passez à Render si..."}]
5d:["$","ul","ul-9",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Vous voulez la même simplicité qu'Heroku mais avec de meilleures performances et un meilleur tarif"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Vous débutez et voulez quelque chose d'accessible"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Vous migrez d'Heroku et voulez un équivalent direct (la migration Heroku → Render est bien documentée)"}],"\n"]}]
5e:["$","h3","h3-15",{"children":"Passez à Fly.io si..."}]
5f:["$","ul","ul-10",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Vous avez besoin de performances maximales et de latence minimale"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Vous voulez du edge computing (déploiement global, proche de vos utilisateurs)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Votre équipe est à l'aise avec Docker"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Vous voulez du contrôle fin sur votre infrastructure sans gérer du Kubernetes"}],"\n"]}]
60:["$","h3","h3-16",{"children":"Passez à Railway si..."}]
61:["$","ul","ul-11",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Vous voulez du ultra-simple pour un side project ou un MVP"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Vous êtes développeur solo ou petite équipe"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Vous voulez quelque chose de moderne avec une belle interface"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"Le tarif est un critère important"}],"\n"]}]
62:["$","h3","h3-17",{"children":"Passez à AWS/GCP/Azure si..."}]
63:["$","ul","ul-12",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":"Vous avez atteint une échelle où un PaaS devient limitant (plusieurs millions d'utilisateurs)"}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":"Vous avez des besoins d'infrastructure très spécifiques"}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":"Vous avez une équipe DevOps dédiée"}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":"L'investissement brut n'est plus le critère principal (à grande échelle, le cloud brut peut être plus économique)"}],"\n"]}]
64:["$","h2","h2-4",{"children":"Les erreurs classiques de migration"}]
65:["$","p","p-50",{"children":"Beaucoup d'équipes migrent... et se plantent. Voici comment éviter les pièges."}]
66:["$","h3","h3-18",{"children":"Erreur #1 : Migrer pour le tarif sans calculer le coût réel"}]
67:["$","p","p-51",{"children":"Vous regardez les tarifs Render, c'est moins cher qu'Heroku. Vous migrez. Puis vous découvrez que vous avez besoin d'add-ons payants, de plus de ressources que prévu, de features premium."}]
68:["$","p","p-52",{"children":"Au final, l'économie est minime, mais vous avez perdu 2 semaines à migrer."}]
69:["$","p","p-53",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Solution"}]," : calculez le coût total AVANT de migrer. Pas juste l'hébergement, mais toute la stack."]}]
6a:["$","h3","h3-19",{"children":"Erreur #2 : Ne pas tester les performances"}]
6b:["$","p","p-54",{"children":"Vous migrez vers Fly.io parce que \"c'est rapide\". Vous déployez. Vous découvrez que votre app a des comportements différents (timeouts, connexions DB...)."}]
6c:["$","p","p-55",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Solution"}]," : testez sur une staging app avant de migrer la prod. Comparez les performances, la latence, le comportement."]}]
6d:["$","h3","h3-20",{"children":"Erreur #3 : Sous-estimer la courbe d'apprentissage"}]
6e:["$","p","p-56",{"children":"Heroku, vous le connaissez par cœur. Vous migrez vers Fly.io. Vous passez 3 jours à comprendre comment ça marche. Votre équipe est bloquée."}]
6f:["$","p","p-57",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Solution"}]," : allouez du temps d'apprentissage. Lisez la doc. Testez sur un projet perso d'abord. Ne migrez pas en prod direct."]}]
70:["$","h3","h3-21",{"children":"Erreur #4 : Migrer pendant une période critique"}]
71:["$","p","p-58",{"children":"Vous décidez de migrer... la semaine avant le lancement d'une grosse feature. Ou pendant le Black Friday. Brillant."}]
72:["$","p","p-59",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Solution"}]," : migrez pendant une période calme. Prévoyez du temps pour gérer les imprévus."]}]
73:["$","h3","h3-22",{"children":"Erreur #5 : Ne pas avoir de rollback plan"}]
74:["$","p","p-60",{"children":"La migration se passe mal. Votre app est down. Vous paniquez. Vous n'avez pas de plan B."}]
75:["$","p","p-61",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Solution"}]," : gardez Heroku actif pendant la transition. Testez la nouvelle infra en parallèle. Basculez progressivement (par feature flags ou traffic split). Ayez un rollback facile."]}]
76:["$","h2","h2-5",{"children":"L'avenir des PaaS : où ça va ?"}]
77:["$","p","p-62",{"children":"Le marché des PaaS évolue vite. Quelques tendances claires émergent."}]
78:["$","h3","h3-23",{"children":"Le edge computing devient la norme"}]
79:["$","p","p-63",{"children":"Fly.io a montré la voie : déployer votre app partout dans le monde, proche de vos utilisateurs. Latence ultra-faible, expérience rapide."}]
7a:["$","p","p-64",{"children":"Render, Railway, et même DigitalOcean commencent à proposer du edge. Ça va devenir la norme, pas l'exception."}]
7b:["$","h3","h3-24",{"children":"Docker devient le standard"}]
7c:["$","p","p-65",{"children":"Heroku avait son propre système (buildpacks). Maintenant, tout le monde standardise sur Docker. Vous apportez votre Dockerfile, le PaaS l'exécute."}]
7d:["$","p","p-66",{"children":"Plus flexible, plus standard, plus transférable entre plateformes."}]
7e:["$","h3","h3-25",{"children":"L'infrastructure as code se démocratise"}]
7f:["$","p","p-67",{"children":"Des outils comme Terraform, Pulumi permettent de définir votre infra en code. Les nouveaux PaaS s'intègrent nativement avec ces outils."}]
80:["$","p","p-68",{"children":"Vous pouvez versionner votre infra, la reproduire, la tester. C'est moins \"magic\", mais plus robuste."}]
81:["$","h3","h3-26",{"children":"La tarification devient plus transparente"}]
82:["$","p","p-69",{"children":"Heroku a longtemps été critiqué pour sa tarification opaque et ses surprises de facturation. Les nouveaux acteurs misent sur la transparence : pay-as-you-go, calculateurs de coût clairs, pas de frais cachés."}]
83:["$","p","p-70",{"children":"C'est sain. Ça pousse tout le monde (y compris AWS) à être plus transparent."}]
84:["$","h2","h2-6",{"children":"Le verdict : Heroku n'est pas mort, mais il n'est plus le choix par défaut"}]
85:["$","p","p-71",{"children":"Heroku a révolutionné le déploiement. Il reste un outil fonctionnel et fiable. Mais il n'est plus LE choix évident pour une nouvelle startup en 2025."}]
86:["$","p","p-72",{"children":"Pourquoi ? Parce que des alternatives meilleures existent :"}]
87:["$","ul","ul-13",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Render"}]," pour ceux qui veulent un équivalent Heroku amélioré"]}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Fly.io"}]," pour ceux qui veulent de la performance et du contrôle"]}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"Railway"}]," pour ceux qui veulent de la simplicité maximale"]}],"\n",["$","li","li-3",{"children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"children":"DigitalOcean App Platform"}]," pour ceux qui veulent du stable et classique"]}],"\n"]}]
88:["$","p","p-73",{"children":"Le monde PaaS s'est diversifié. C'est une bonne chose. La concurrence pousse l'innovation, améliore les services, réduit les tarifs."}]
89:["$","p","p-74",{"children":"Si vous êtes sur Heroku et content, restez. Mais si vous démarrez un nouveau projet, explorez les alternatives. Testez. Comparez. Vous serez probablement surpris."}]
8a:["$","p","p-75",{"children":"Parce qu'aujourd'hui, le meilleur PaaS n'est plus celui qui a inventé la catégorie. C'est celui qui continue à innover."}]
8b:["$","p","p-76",{"children":"Et Heroku, malheureusement, a arrêté d'innover."}]
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